(i) Electrical \(to\) thermal \(to\) mechanical (kinetic energy) \(to\) thermal \(to\) electromagnetic
(ii) Distinction between hard and soft X-rays



Hard X-rays
Soft x-rays



(i) High (target) voltage
(ii) short wavelength
(iii) High penetration
(iv) produced by high voltage


Low (target) voltage
Long wavelength
Low penetration
Produced by low voltage




(iii) Uses:
- Used to detect hidden cracks in materials
- Used to detect alteration to work of art
- To show broken bones in human body
- used in crystallography i.e. to study crystals
- used in diagnosis of ulcer
(iv) Hazards: genetic mutations
- skin burn
- leukemia
- Tissue damage
- Tissue damage
- baldness
- graying
- cataracts
(v) Safety precautions:
use of dosimeter, badges of GM counters
- wearing of lead coats
- Periodic medical counters
- wearing of lead coats
- periodic medical check up
~(b)
\(^2_1H + ^2_1H \to ^3_1H + ^1_1H + Q\)
Let atomic mass unit of tritium \(^3_1H\) be X
2.01410 x 2 x 931 = (x + 1.00783) 931 + 4.03
\(\frac{3750.254 - 4.03}{931}\) = x + 1.00783
4.0238 - 1.0078 = x
3.106 = x

