(a)(i) X-rays can produce photographs of fractures in bones; it can pass through fractures but cannot penetrate bones.
(ii) Uses of x-ray other than in medicine:
—detection of cracks in metallic products
—detection of alternations in art works
—detection of fake gems
—examination of bags and luggage
—identification of chemical elements and their isotopes.~(b) The energy transformations: Electrical energy
—> Heat energy
—> Kinetic energy
—> Electromagnetic energy
—> X-rays and Heat energy.

(c)(i) Dangers of over exposure to x-rays are:
— Cell mutation, i.e. change in cell genetic codes.
— Leukaemia: the destruction of living cells, tissues and organs.
— Skins harm, causes skin burn and tanning.

(ii) A person working on x-rays should take the following precautions:
— wear lead protective coats
— wear dosimeter
— wear protective goggles
— go for routine regular medical check-up.

(d)(i) K.E. = eV = 1.6x10\(^{-19}\) x 33 x 10\(^3\)
= 5.28 x 10\(^{-15}\)J
V = \(\sqrt{\frac{2K.E}{m}} = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 5.28 \times 10^{-15}}{9.1 \times 10^{-31}}}\)
~(c)(i) Dangers of over exposure to x-rays are:
— Cell mutation, i.e. change in cell genetic codes.
— Leukaemia: the destruction of living cells, tissues and organs.
— Skins harm, causes skin burn and tanning.

(ii) A person working on x-rays should take the following precautions:
— wear lead protective coats
— wear dosimeter
— wear protective goggles
— go for routine regular medical check-up.

(d)(i) K.E. = eV = 1.6x10\(^{-19}\) x 33 x 10\(^3\)
= 5.28 x 10\(^{-15}\)J
V = \(\sqrt{\frac{2K.E}{m}} = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 5.28 \times 10^{-15}}{9.1 \times 10^{-31}}}\)
~(d)(i) K.E. = eV = 1.6x10\(^{-19}\) x 33 x 10\(^3\)
= 5.28 x 10\(^{-15}\)J
V = \(\sqrt{\frac{2K.E}{m}} = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 5.28 \times 10^{-15}}{9.1 \times 10^{-31}}}\)
